Which European country didn't have a colony within the current 50 American states?

Portugal invested heavily in the colonization of the New World, most notably in Brazil where Portuguese is the official language. However, Portugal never colonized any area in the current United States. There was a brief appearance in Canada.

Russia, separated at places by only 55 miles from Alaska, sent a pair of explorers, including the Dane in Russian service, Vitus Bering, in 1741 to explore the region. A sea otter fur trade spurred investment and colonization based in the Aleutians. The native Aleuts suffered tremendously during this period. Alaska was sold to the U.S. in 1867 for $7 million. There were also Russian colonists in Northern California,and for a time, Hawaii.

New Netherland was a Dutch colony from 1614-1664. It was based mainly along the Hudson River in New York State. Major settlements included New Orange, today's Albany, and New Amsterdam, today's NYC. It was established to exploit the fur trade, especially beaver pelts. The history of the Dutch in New York includes the purchase of Manhattan Island and bloody wars with the Natives. The English conquered New Netherland in 1664, although the Dutch returned briefly in 1673-1674.

New Sweden was established along the Delaware River in today's Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey from 1638 to the Dutch conquest in 1655. It subsequently passed to the English with their conquest of New Netherland. Finn settlers in New Sweden introduced what became quintessentially American: the log cabin.