The Thirty Years' War was a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest, most destructive conflicts in European history. Initially a war between Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmenting Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving most of the great powers of Europe, becoming less about religion and more a continuation of the France–Habsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence.

The Thirty Years' War ended with the treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, part of the wider Peace of Westphalia. The war altered the previous political order of European Powers, with the rise of Bourbon France, the curtailing of Habsburg ambition, and the ascendancy of Sweden as a great power. France's dominant position would be the central tenet of European politics until another great war saw Britain rise as the foremost world power in the 18th Century.

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