Lesbos (sometimes called Lesvos) is an island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It has an area of 1,633 km2 (631 sq mi) with 321 kilometres (199 miles) of coastline, making it the third largest island in Greece.

It is separated from Turkey by the narrow Mytilini Strait and in late Palaeolithic/Mesolithic times was joined to the Anatolian mainland before the end of the last glacial period.

Lesbos is also the name of a regional unit of the North Aegean region, within which Lesbos island is one of five governing islands. The others are Chios, Ikaria, Lemnos, and Samos.

The North Aegean region governs nine inhabited islands: Lesbos, Chios, Psara, Oinousses, Ikaria, Fournoi Korseon, Lemnos, Agios Efstratios and Samos. The capital of the North Aegean Region is Mytilene.

The population of Lesbos, which sometimes is called the 'Island of the Poets', is approximately 86,000, a third of whom live in its capital. The remaining population is distributed in small towns and villages.

According to later Greek writers, Mytilene was founded in the 11th century BC by the family Penthilidae, who arrived from Thessaly and ruled the city-state until a popular revolt (590–580 BC) led by Pittacus of Mytilene ended their rule.

In fact the archaeological and linguistic record may indicate a late Iron Age arrival of Greek settlers although references in Late Bronze Age Hittite archives indicate a likely Greek presence then.

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