Tutsi refers to the people who live in the densely populated east-to-central-African countries of Rwanda, Burundi, and in border areas of neighboring countries. In Uganda, Tutsis are commonly known as 'Bafumbira' and in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) as 'Banyamulenge'.

Tutsis are culturally similar to the Twa and Hutu tribes and they share the same language. Tutsis speak Rwanda-Rundi as their native language. In Rwanda, Kinyarwanda is an official language beneath English, French and, more recently, also Kiswahili. In Burundi, French, English and Kirundi serve as the official languages of the country since 2014.

Prior to the arrival of colonists, Rwanda had been ruled by a Tutsi-dominated monarchy after the mid-1600s. Beginning in about 1880, Roman Catholic missionaries arrived in the Great Lakes region. Later, when Belgian forces occupied the area during World War I, the conflict and efforts for Catholic conversion became more pronounced. As the Tutsi resisted conversion, missionaries found success only among the Hutu.

The Tutsi and Hutu labels became associated with rigid stereotypes, and also refer to members of a high-ranking social category, similar to a caste (any class or group of people who inherit exclusive privileges or are perceived as socially distinct).

Both Tutsi and Hutu have been victims of violence that can be accurately described as genocide.

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