Biblical scholars say that Moses received the 10 Commandments from God on Mt. Sinai. Moses made one 40 day trip up the mountain to talk face to face with God. God then wrote his Commandments on 2 tablets of stone. When Moses went back down the mountain the Israelites had made an idol out of gold and were worshiping it.

Moses was angry and threw down the tablets breaking them. He then made another 40 day journey up the mountain and God made a second set of tablets containing His commandments for Israel. We can read the whole story in more detail in Exodus - Chapter 20. There is, also, an excellent movie starring Charlton Heston that describes the life of Moses and his many feats.

More Info: en.wikipedia.org