The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age Aegean civilization on the island of Crete, whose earliest beginnings were from 3500 BC, with the complex urban civilization beginning around 2000 BC, and then declining from 1450 BC until it ended around 1100 BC.

It represents the first advanced civilization in Europe, leaving behind a number of massive building complexes, The civilization was rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century through the work of British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans. The name "Minoan" derives from the mythical King Minos and was coined by Evans, who identified the site at Knossos with the labyrinth and the Minotaur. The Minoan civilization has been described as the earliest of its kind in Europe, and historian Will Durant called the Minoans "the first link in the European chain"

The Minoan civilization is particularly notable for its large and elaborate palaces up to four storeys high, featuring an elaborate plumbing systems and decorated with frescoes. The largest Minoan palace is that of Knossos, followed by that of Phaistos. The function of the palaces, like most aspects of Minoan governance and religion, remains unclear.

The Minoan civilization end, beginning around 1450 BC, are unclear; theories include Mycenaean invasions from mainland Greece and the major volcanic eruption of mount Thera.

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