In Greek mythology, Nemesis, also called Rhamnousia or Rhamnusia ("the goddess of Rhamnous"), is the goddess who enacts retribution against those who succumb to ”hubris” or arrogance before the gods. "Hubris" (/ˈhjuːbrɪs/, from ancient Greek ὕβρις) describes a personality trait of extreme or foolish pride or dangerous overconfidence, often in combination with, or synonymous with, arrogance.

Nemesis is usually seen holding a sword, but in some images, she can be seen holding a balance, scales, or measuring rod. She has enormous wings and travels in a chariot drawn by griffins.

The word "nemesis" originally meant the distributor of fortune, neither good nor bad, simply in due proportion to each according to what was deserved. Later, Nemesis came to suggest the resentment caused by any disturbance of this right proportion, the sense of justice that could not allow it to pass unpunished.

Nemesis signified particularly the disapproval of the gods at the human presumption, and her first altar was said to have been erected in Boeotia by Adrastus, leader of the Seven Against Thebes.

In Rome especially, her cult was very popular, particularly among soldiers, by whom she was worshipped as patroness of the drill ground. (“Nemesis Campestris”).

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