The ear bone also called “Auditory Ossicle”, consists of three tiny bones located in the middle ear of all mammals. These are the “malleus” or “hammer”, the “incus” or “anvil”, and the “stapes” or “stirrup". The “malleus” resembles a club more than a hammer, whereas the “incus” looks like a premolar tooth with an extensive root system. The “stapes” does closely resemble a stirrup.

The top or head of the malleus and the body of the incus are held together by a tightly fitting joint and are seated in the attic, or upper portion, of the eardrum cavity. The handle of the malleus adheres to the upper half of the drum membrane. The incus is bent near the lower end and carries a small knoblike bone that is jointed loosely to the head of the stapes—the third and smallest of the ossicles. The stapes lies in a horizontal position at right angles with the long process of the incus. Together they form a short chain that crosses the middle ear and transmits vibrations caused by sound waves from the eardrum membrane to the liquid of the inner ear.

The eardrum, also called the tympanic membrane, is a thin layer of tissue in the human ear that receives sound vibrations from the outer air and transmits them to the auditory ossicles, the tiny bones in the tympanic (middle-ear) cavity. The membrane lies across the end of the external canal and looks like a flattened cone with its tip (apex) pointed inward. The edges are attached to a ring of bone, the “tympanic annulus”.

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