René Descartes (1596–1650) was a creative mathematician of the first order, an important scientific thinker, and an original philosopher. In mathematics, he developed the techniques that made possible algebraic (or “analytic”) geometry. Descartes was known among the learned in his day as a top mathematician, as the developer of a new and comprehensive physics or theory of nature.

More importantly, he offered a new vision of the natural world that continues to shape our thought today: a world of matter possessing a few fundamental properties and interacting according to a few universal laws. This natural world included an immaterial mind that, in human beings, was directly related to the brain; in this way, Descartes formulated the modern version of the mind–body problem.

He provided arguments for the existence of God, to show that the essence of matter is extension, and that the essence of mind is thought. Descartes claimed to possess a special method, which was variously exhibited in mathematics, natural philosophy, and metaphysical science.

In the years following his death, his philosophy was widely taught and discussed. He has been called the 'Father of Modern Philosophy' and the 'Father of Modern Mathematics.' He is also known as 'Cartesius' for his many contributions to the world of science.

More Info: www.britannica.com