Fernando de Noronha is an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, part of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, and located 354 km (220 mi) offshore from the Brazilian coast. It consists of 21 islands and islets, extending over an area of 26 km2 (10 sq mi). Only the eponymous main island is inhabited; it has an area of 18.4 km2 (7.1 sq mi), rising to 1,089 feet (332 metres), has an area of 10 square miles (26 square km) and is of volcanic origin. Its population was estimated at 3,101 in 2020.

The islands of this archipelago are the visible parts of a range of submerged mountains.

The United Nations Environment Programme lists 15 possible endemic plant species. The islands have two endemic birds and two endemic reptiles. The archipelago is also an important site for breeding seabirds. An endemic sigmodontine rodent (Noronhomys vespuccii), mentioned by Amerigo Vespucci, is now extinct.

In 2001, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) designated it as a World Heritage Site because of its importance as a feeding ground for tuna, sharks, turtles, and marine mammals.

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