“Sidereus Nuncius” (“The Starry Messenger”) 1610 is a short astronomical treatise written by Italian astronomer, physicist and polymath Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), which was the first published scientific work based on his observations through a telescope. Galileo has been called the father of observational astronomy, modern-era classical physics, the scientific method and modern science.

As for other three, all are by Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music. Best known for his laws of planetary motion, Kepler is a key figure in the 17th-century Scientific Revolution, and one of the founders and fathers of modern astronomy, the scientific method, natural and modern science.

“Mysterium cosmographicum” (1596) explains Kepler's cosmological theory, based on the Copernican system.

“Astronomia nova” (1609) records the discovery of the first two of the three principles known as Kepler's laws of planetary motion, which are: 1) The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci; 2) A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.

In “Harmonice Mundi” (1619), Kepler discusses harmony and congruence in geometrical forms and physical phenomena, and relates his discovery of the so-called third law of planetary motion - the square of a planet's orbital period is proportional to the cube of the length of the semi-major axis of its orbit.

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