Roman cuisine evolved from one resembling ancient Greek cuisine to a very diverse cuisine thanks to Rome's expansion during the Republic and the Empire and the adoption of foreign culinary habits.

The eating habits of average Romans were quite different from those of the upper class. Wealthy Romans ate three times daily and had a lavish dinner called the cena usually right after the afternoon visit to the baths. The cena could last for hours and until nighttime, and would usually be followed by drinks (comissatio in latin). In contrast, the average Romans' dinner usually consisted of a light supper early in the evening (the vesperna). Average Romans (and slaves) ate standing up or sitting around a table while wealthy Romans ate reclined on couches in a luxurious room called the triclinium.

Another major difference in eating habits between the upper and the lower classes is that average Romans usually could not afford to eat meat and all the exotic foods from the provinces that rich Romans enjoyed. For example, they often ate the puls, the porridge made of emmer, salt, fat and water, with a piece of bread sprayed with a little bit of salt. Rich Romans ate the same puls but added chopped vegetables, meat, cheese and various herbs to it. Dining for the upper class was a lavish and entertaining culinary experience while for most Romans, it was just a necessity.

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