The men known as the "Five Good Emperors" include: the ancient Roman imperial succession of Nerva (reigned 96–98 ce), Trajan (98–117), Hadrian (117–138), Antoninus Pius (138–161), and Marcus Aurelius (161–180), who presided over the most majestic days of the Roman Empire. This succession was not a bloodline. This dynasty was notable in that the reigning Emperor adopted the candidate of his choice to be his successor. Under Roman law, an adoption established a bond legally as strong as that of kinship. Because of this, the first Emperor Nerva was not called an 'Adoptive Emperor'.

The reigns of the Five Good Emperors held the height of Roman power and glory, as well as 'the happiest times of humanity'. Nerva was well known since he ended trials based on treason, released those who had been imprisoned under these charges, granted amnesty to many who had been exiled, and returned all properties which had been confiscated. Trajan continued Nerva's policies. He also, with the conquests of Dacia, Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Nabataea, brought the Roman Empire to her greatest extent. He caused extensive public building programs (Trajan's Column, Trajan's Forum, Trajan's Market, as well as extending Rome's road systems, Via Traiana, and expanding the aqueducts). Hadrian maintained a 'peace policy' by erecting permanent fortifications along the empire's borders. Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, like their predecessors, governed efficiently. They promoted law, the arts, and society.

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