Fountain pens have been around for more than a century and have long been a symbol of wealth and luxury. Although they may be too pricey for the average person, it's fascinating to see the level of wealth and craftsmanship that goes into these unique writing utensils, particularly the most expensive pen in the world-the Fulgor Nocturnus.

Crafted by famous Italian pen maker Tibaldi, the Fulgor Nocturnus is currently the only pen (most exclusive with only one unit ever produced) sold for approximately $8 million or £6.5 million at a Shanghai auction in 2010. The pen is entrusted with 945 black diamonds and 123 rubies (including16 on the top of the cap). The nib is also crafted from 18k (karat) gold and features a small diamond at its corner. Covering the cap and the most of the barrel, these gorgeous dark gems are the inspiration for the pen's name, which translates to 'Night Glow'.

The pen has a very fascinating design based on the Golden Ratio, also known as the Divine Proportion of Phi. When two components of an object have a ratio of approximately 1.618, it is known as the Golden Ratio and is considered to be the most visually pleasing proportion. This mathematical principle is used throughout architecture, art and is even found in nature. If you measure the length of the pen's cap and the length of its barrel, you will find the ratio between the two to be exactly 1.618 - the Golden Ratio.

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