Queen Victoria ruled Great Britain from 1837 to 1901. She had nine children. Many of them married into the royal houses across Europe and she was considered by some to be the grandmother of Europe. The father of these nine children was Victoria's first cousin, Albert, who died at 42 years of age. Victoria outlived him by 39 years. It was said that Victoria relied heavily on Albert, however he was not permitted to share power as monarch with Victoria in an official capacity.

Queen Mary II married her first cousin William of Orange. Mary was the daughter of King James II, the son of Charles I. William was the son of Mary, a daughter of Charles I. As such, they were "invited" to come to England as joint rulers with equal power, replacing the deposed James II in 1689. They had no children, and Mary died in 1694 at the age of 32 leaving William to rule alone until his death.

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