The coconut crab ("Birgus latro") is a land hermit crab species, also known as the robber crab or palm thief. It is the world's largest land-living arthropod, weighing up to 4.1 kg (9.0 lb). It can grow to a length of up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) from each end to the tip of the leg. Similar to the distribution of the coconut palm, it is present on islands throughout the Indian Ocean and parts of the Pacific Ocean as far east as the Gambier and Pitcairn Islands; it has been extirpated from most areas with a large human population, including mainland Australia and Madagascar. Off the coast of Africa near Zanzibar, and the Gambier Islands in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, coconut crabs still live.

The only species of the genus Birgus is the coconut crab and is similar to the terrestrial hermit crabs of the Coenobita genus. This illustrates a variety of adaptations to life on land. Juvenile coconut crabs use empty gastropod shells for protection, like other hermit crabs, but the adults grow a sturdy exoskeleton on their abdominals and avoid carrying a shell. Coconut crabs have organs known as branchiostegal lungs, which are used for breathing instead of vestigial gills, and can drown if submerged in water for too long after the juvenile stage. They have an acute sense of smell that has evolved in a convergent manner with that of insects and that they use to locate possible sources of food.

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