Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most common hereditary blood-clotting disorder in humans, discovered by Finnish physician Erik Adolf von Willebrand (1870-1949) in 1924. It arises from a deficiency in the quality or quantity of von Willebrand factor (VWF), a multimeric protein that is required for platelet adhesion. The various types of VWD present with varying degrees of bleeding tendency, usually in the form of easy bruising, nosebleeds, and bleeding gums. Women may experience heavy menstrual periods and blood loss during childbirth.

Other three options are classified as neurodegenerative disease, caused by the progressive loss of neurons in the process known as neurodegeneration. Neuronal damage may also ultimately result in their death.

Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease, an X-linked neurological disorder, damages oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system, which is caused by mutations in proteolipid protein 1, a major myelin protein.

Kennedy's disease, a rare inherited neuromuscular disorder, causes progressive weakening and wasting of the muscles, severe cramps and problems with speech and swallowing. It progresses slowly, and life expectancy is usually normal.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare and fatal degenerative brain disorder caused by abnormal proteins called prions. These proteins build up in brain cells and destroy them. As a result, CJD causes dementia symptoms (e.g. memory loss and confusion), behavioral and movement changes.

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