On May 17, 1954, U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous (9–0) ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The Court held that state sanctioned segregation of public schools for black and white students was a violation of the 14th amendment of U.S. Constitution and was therefore unconstitutional.

The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied to public education. The Warren Court's unanimous decision specifically stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."

This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the U.S. Civil Rights Movement.

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